The IPA was born out of the necessity of the British Empire. During the 18th and 19th centuries, standard British ales often spoiled during the six-month sea voyage to India due to the fluctuating temperatures and the motion of the ship. Brewers discovered that by adding extra hops—which act as a natural preservative—and increasing the alcohol content, the beer could survive the journey. George Hodgson of the Bow Brewery is often credited with perfecting this style. Upon arrival, the 'October Ale' had matured into a pale, bitter, and refreshing drink that was perfectly suited to the hot climate of India. Today, the IPA is the cornerstone of the craft beer movement, known for its intense hop aromas ranging from pine to citrus.