Alan Turing was an English mathematician and logician who provided the formalization of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine. During World War II, he worked at Bletchley Park, where he led the team that cracked the German Enigma code, an achievement estimated to have shortened the war by at least two years. He also pioneered Artificial Intelligence, proposing the 'Turing Test' to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human. Despite his heroics, he was prosecuted for homosexual acts in 1952 and died of cyanide poisoning in 1954. He was posthumously pardoned in 2013, and his legacy is celebrated as the foundation of the digital age.