Papua New Guinea (PNG) is the most linguistically diverse country on Earth. Despite having a population of only about 9 million people, it is home to over 840 living languages, which represents approximately 12% of the world's total languages. This incredible diversity is a result of the country's rugged geography; deep valleys and impenetrable mountain ranges isolated tribal groups for thousands of years, allowing distinct languages to evolve independently. While English is one of the official languages used in government and education, Tok Pisin—an English-based creole—is the most widely spoken lingua franca that allows different groups to communicate. The capital, Port Moresby, sits on the southeastern coast and serves as the gateway to this diverse interior. PNG is also part of the 'Pacific Ring of Fire,' meaning it is prone to frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity. Its traditional cultures remain vibrant, with many communities still practicing ancient customs such as the 'Sing-Sing'—a gathering where tribes show off their distinct feathers, face paint, and traditional songs.