The Alps are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately 1,200 kilometers across eight Alpine countries: France, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Mont Blanc is the highest peak, reaching 4,807 meters on the French-Italian border. The Alps have a profound effect on the European climate and have historically acted as a barrier to migration and warfare, though they are now pierced by numerous tunnels. They are a major source of fresh water for Europe, feeding rivers like the Rhine, Rhône, and Po. The region is world-famous for its distinct Alpine culture, winter sports, and iconic peaks like the Matterhorn, which is renowned for its near-perfect pyramidal shape.