The Boxer Rebellion was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China toward the end of the Qing Dynasty. It was led by the 'Militia United in Righteousness,' known in English as the 'Boxers' because many practiced Chinese martial arts. The Boxers were motivated by proto-nationalist sentiments and opposition to Western imperialism and the spread of Christianity. After Boxers attacked foreign embassies in Beijing, an Eight-Nation Alliance (including the U.S., UK, Japan, and Russia) sent troops to crush the rebellion. The subsequent Boxer Protocol forced China to pay massive reparations and allowed foreign troops to be stationed in the capital. The failure of the rebellion further weakened the Qing Dynasty and accelerated the move toward the 1911 Revolution that established the Republic of China.