The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA and identifying all the genes of the human genome. Formally launched in 1990 and declared complete in April 2003, it was a massive collaborative effort involving scientists from the U.S., UK, Japan, France, Germany, and China. This achievement has been compared to the Moon landing in its significance for humanity. It provided a high-quality reference sequence for the 3 billion letters of the human genetic code. This event revolutionized biology and medicine, enabling the development of personalized medicine, better understanding of genetic diseases, and new methods for forensic identification and evolutionary study.