The Congress of Vienna was an international conference convened to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe after the Napoleonic Wars and the French Revolutionary Wars. Led by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, the goal was not simply to restore old boundaries but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace. The 'Balance of Power' doctrine established at the Congress successfully prevented a general European war for nearly a century (until 1914). It restored monarchies to thrones across Europe and created the 'Concert of Europe,' an early form of international cooperation. However, the Congress was criticized for suppressing the rising tides of nationalism and liberalism that had been unleashed by the French Revolution, ultimately leading to the revolutions of 1848.