The Battle of Kadesh was fought between the Egyptian Empire under Ramses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II. It is historically significant for being the largest chariot battle ever fought, involving an estimated 5,000 to 6,000 chariots. Both sides claimed victory, but the battle ended in a stalemate. More importantly, it led to the first known written peace treaty in history: the Egyptian-Hittite Peace Treaty. A copy of this treaty, inscribed in clay, is now displayed at the United Nations headquarters as a symbol of early diplomacy. The Hittites were a major power in Anatolia (modern Turkey) and were among the first to smelt iron, which gave them a significant military advantage. They also developed advanced chariot designs that used three men (a driver, a shield-bearer, and an archer) instead of two, allowing for more aggressive maneuvers on the battlefield.