Following the surrender, Japan was occupied by Allied forces, primarily the United States, until 1952. General Douglas MacArthur served as the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) and oversaw the transformation of Japanese society. Unlike the division of Germany, Japan remained a single entity. The occupation goals were demilitarization and democratization. MacArthur pushed through a new constitution (the 'Peace Constitution') that reduced the Emperor to a ceremonial figurehead, granted women the right to vote, and famously renounced Japan's right to wage war (Article 9). Major economic reforms were also implemented, including land redistribution and the breaking up of the 'zaibatsu' (monopolies). The occupation successfully transitioned Japan from a militaristic empire to a stable, pacifist democracy and a key global economic power.