Antonio Stradivari is the most famous violin maker in history. Scientific research suggests that the 'Little Ice Age' in Europe (roughly 1645–1715) caused trees in the Italian Alps to grow more slowly and uniformly. This resulted in wood that was exceptionally dense with unique acoustic properties. Stradivari used this wood for his soundboards. Combined with his precise geometry and a varnish containing minerals like borax and chromium, these instruments possess a projection and tonal 'shimmer' that modern luthiers struggle to replicate. Today, a genuine Stradivarius can auction for over $15 million.