Between February 11 and February 12, 1993, in the Afshar district of Kabul, intense urban warfare erupted between forces of the Islamic State of Afghanistan government (led by Ahmad Shah Massoud) and rival militia groups including Hezb‑e Wahdat and Hezb‑e Islami. The operation escalated into a massacre with hundreds of civilians killed or disappeared, and thousands of homes looted or destroyed, particularly affecting the Hazara ethnic community. The incident became emblematic of the brutal factionalism and human rights abuses of the early 1990s Afghan civil war. Its legacy remains contentious and painful in Afghan memory.
