While Johannes Gutenberg is credited with the mechanical printing press in Europe (c. 1440), the concept of 'moveable type' actually originated in China. Bi Sheng invented ceramic moveable type during the Song Dynasty around 1040 AD. Later, in 13th-century Korea, the first metal moveable type was developed, leading to the printing of the 'Jikji' in 1377—the world's oldest extant book printed with moveable metal type. Gutenberg’s genius was in combining this concept with a screw press (adapted from wine and olive presses) and developing a durable lead-based alloy for the type. This allowed for the mass production of books, starting with the Gutenberg Bible. This 'Printing Revolution' democratized knowledge, fueled the Renaissance and the Reformation, and is considered one of the most influential events in the history of human civilization and literature.