Canada is the second-largest country in the world by total area, occupying most of northern North America. It stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Canada has the longest coastline of any country in the world, spanning over 202,000 kilometers. The capital city is Ottawa, while Toronto is the largest city. Much of the country is covered by the Canadian Shield, a vast region of ancient rock, and it contains more lakes than the rest of the world combined. The Rocky Mountains dominate the west, while the fertile prairies occupy the central provinces. Canada is sparsely populated, with the majority of its citizens living within 160 kilometers of the U.S. border. It is a bilingual nation with English and French as official languages. The northern territories are home to the Inuit and are characterized by permafrost and tundra landscapes.