While the atomic bombs are more famous, the single deadliest air raid in history was the firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9–10, 1945. Using B-29 Superfortress bombers flying at low altitudes, the U.S. Army Air Forces dropped 1,665 tons of napalm-filled incendiary bombs. Tokyo’s high density of wooden housing created a massive firestorm that sucked the oxygen out of the air. An estimated 100,000 people were killed and one million were left homeless in a single night—a death toll exceeding that of the initial blast at Hiroshima. The mission marked a shift in strategy toward 'total war,' aiming to destroy Japanese industrial capacity and morale.